Jury Trials

One of the most important rights of an individual formally charged with a “serious crime” is the right to a jury trial. This right is guaranteed in Article III of the Constitution and by the Sixth Amendment. Persons accused of crimes have the right to have their guilt or innocence determined by a panel of fellow-citizens. In federal cases, formal charges cannot even be filed unless a grand jury is convened and issues an indictment. The jury trial and grand jury guarantees are intended to protect private citizens from over-zealous police officers, prosecutors, and judges. By interjecting the wisdom and judgment of other private individuals into the process, an effective check on law enforcement and on the judicial system is maintained.

In its rulings, the Supreme Court has recognized the importance of jury trials and has set a high threshold for maintaining the impartiality of jurors. In one famous case, a bailiff was overheard by some members of a jury to say, “Oh that wicked fellow, he is guilty.” The Court ruled that the comment had unfairly biased the jury against the defendant and a new trial was ordered (see Parker v. Gladden (1966)).

While jury trials are guaranteed by the Constitution, there are several instances in which a trial is conducted without a jury. First, persons accused of crimes can waive their right to a jury trial, perhaps believing that a judge will be more understanding of the situation. Additionally, the Court has ruled that “serious crimes” are only those that carry a possible penalty of at least a $500 fine or six months in jail (see Blanton v. North Las Vegas (1989)).